Provision of central services in rural areas: Views of the elderly population in Hrvatsko Zagorje, Croatia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18690/rg.20.2.5151Keywords:
small town, central services, depopulation, ageing, elderly, Croatia, Hrvatsko ZagorjeAbstract
This study explores demographic decline and the contraction of central services in the Zabok area of Hrvatsko Zagorje, Croatia. Using settlement-level analysis, a survey of residents aged 65+, and informal conversations, the relationship between long-term depopulation, ageing, and the spatial distribution of central services is examined. The results reveal spatial variation in the decline of education and retail, as well as differences in respondents’ ability to meet their daily needs, by settlement type. Findings highlight uneven development trajectories and the growing vulnerability of elderly populations.
References
Abramsson, M., & Hagberg, J. E. (2018). What about community sustainability? – dilemmas of ageing in shrinking semi-rural areas in Sweden. Scottish Geographical Journal, 134(3–4), 103–121. https://doi.org/10.1080/14702541.2018.1527941
Ahern, A., & Hine, J. (2015). Accessibility of Health Services for Aged People in Rural Ireland. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 9(5), 389–395. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2013.800926
Baudet-Michel, S., Chouraqui, J., Conti, B., Guiraud, N., Le Neindre, C., & Toutin, G. (2021). The Shrinkage of Justice and Hospital Facilities in Small French Cities (2000–2016). Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography, 103, 253–275. https://doi.org/10.1080/04353684.2021.1875867
Bićanić, R. (1996). Seljaci-radnici. Sociologija sela, 34(1-2), 89-91.
Cedering, M., & Wihlborg, E. (2020). Village Schools as a Hub in the Community-A Time-Geographical Analysis of the Closing of Two Rural Schools in Southern Sweden. Journal of Rural Studies, 80, 606–617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2020.09.007
Christiaanse, S. (2020). Rural Facility Decline: A Longitudinal Accessibility Analysis Questioning the Focus of Dutch Depopulation-Policy. Applied Geography, 121, 102251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2020.102251
Cifrić, I. (2018). Selo i seljaci – glavna obilježja i točke promjena. In Batina K., et al. (Eds.), Zbornik radova sa znanstveno-stručnoga skupa Hrvatskoga etnološkoga društva i Slovenskoga etnološkoga društva (pp 5-15). Hrvatsko etnološko društvo.
Croatian Bureau of Statistics (CBS). (2005). Naselja i stanovništvo Republike Hrvatske 1857. – 2001., Retrieved April 8, 2025, from CD-ROM.
Croatian Bureau of Statistics (CBS). (2014). END OF 2012/2013 SCHOOL YEAR AND BEGINNING OF 2013/2014 SCHOOL YEAR. Retrieved March 27, 2025, from https://web.dzs.hr/Hrv_Eng/publication/2014/08-01-02_01_2014.htm
Croatian Bureau of Statistics (CBS). (2021). Popis stanovništva, kućanstva i stanova 2021. Retrieved April 8, 2025, from https://dzs.gov.hr/u-fokusu/popis-2021/88
Croatian Bureau of Statistics (CBS). (2024). OSNOVNE ŠKOLE, KRAJ ŠK. G. 2022./2023. I POČETAK ŠK. G. 2023./2024. Retrieved March 27, 2025, from https://podaci.dzs.hr/2024/hr/76961
Decision on the Classification of Local and Regional Self-Government Units According to the Level of Development. (2025). Official Gazette of the Republic of Croatia, (3/25)
Državna geodetska uprava (DGU). (2016). Središnjih registar prostornih jedinica Republike Hrvatske. Retrieved October 18, 2020.
European Commission (2004). Green Paper on Services of General Interest. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/EN/legal-content/summary/green-paper-on-services-of-general-interest.html
Feletar, D., & Stiperski, Z. (1992). Međuzavisnost procesa industrijalizacije i promjena u prostornom rasporedu i pokretljivosti stanovištva u Hrvatskom zagorju. Acta geographica Croatica, 27, 141-161.
Fihel, A., & Okólski, M. (2019). Population decline in the post-communist countries of the European Union. Population & Societies, 567. https://shs.cairn.info/article/E_POPSOC_567_0001/pdf?lang=en
Friganović, M. (1990). Demogeografija: stanovništvo svijeta. Školska knjiga.
Haartsen, T., & Gieling, J. (2021). Dealing with the Loss of the Village Supermarket: The Perceived Effects Two Years after Closure. Sociologia Ruralis, 61, 561–577. https://doi.org/10.1111/soru.12348
Humer, A. (2022). Dienste und Infrastrukturen der Daseinsvorsorge im europäischen Kontext. In Neu, C. (Ed.), Handbuch Daseinsvorsorge: Ein Überblick Aus Forschung Und Praxis (pp. 26-35). VKU Verlag.
Kostanjšek, B., & Marot, N. (2021). The Current Challenges and Future Alternatives of Supplying Remote Areas with Basic Goods: The Case Study of Idrijsko-Cerkljansko Region, Slovenia. European Countryside, 13, 130–152. https://doi.org/10.2478/euco-2021-0008
Knierim, L., & Schlüter, J. C. (2021). The attitude of potentially less mobile people towards demand responsive transport in a rural area in central Germany. Journal of Transport Geography, 96, 103202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2021.103202
Krisjane, Z., Berzins, M., Krumins, J., Apsite‐Berina, E., & Balode, S. (2023). Uneven geographies: ageing and population dynamics in Latvia. Regional Science Policy & Practice, 15(4), 893-909. https://doi.org/10.1111/rsp3.12648
Kuzmić, T., Šimac, B., & Trako Poljak, T. (2021). Za ili protiv života na selu? Stavovi visokoobrazovanih mladih ljudi o životu u hrvatskim ruralnim područjima. Sociologija i prostor, 59(2), 247-272. https://doi.org/10.5673/sip.59.2.6
Lechowski, Ł., & Jasion, A. (2021). Spatial Accessibility of Primary Health Care in Rural Areas in Poland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18, 9282. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179282
Lehtonen, O. (2021). Primary School Closures and Population Development–Is School Vitality an Investment in the Attractiveness of the (Rural) Communities or Not? Journal of Rural Studies, 82, 138–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2021.01.011
Lukić, A. (2012). Mozaik izvan grada - tipologija ruralnih i urbaniziranih naselja Hrvatske. Meridijani.
Lukić, A., Radeljak Kaufmann, P., Valožić, L., Zupanc, I., Cvitanović, M., Pejnović, D., & Žilić, I. (2022). Croatian Rural Futures in 2030: Four Alternative Scenarios for Postsocialist Countryside in the Newest E.U. Member State. Geographical Review, 112(3), 332–352. https://doi.org/10.1080/00167428.2020.1871298
Mak, K., & Knežević, F.-M. (2017). Slabljenje centralnih funkcija ruralnog prostora: Studija slučaja Sveti Križ Začretje. Geografski horizont, 63(1), 41-51.
Malić, A. (1981). Centralne funkcije i prometne veze naselja središnje Hrvatske. Geografsko društvo Hrvatske.
Martínez Sánchez-Mateos, H., & Ruiz Pulpón, Á. R. (2025). The challenge of access to healthcare services as a condition for territorial equity. A methodological approach for sparsely populated rural areas. Health Policy, 156, 105310, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2025.105310
Michel, B. (2016). Seeing spatial structures: on the role of visual material in the making of the early quantitative revolution in geography. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography 98(3), 189-203. https://doi.org/10.1111/geob.12099
Nejašmić, I. (1992). Osnovne značajke unutarnje migracije stanovništva Hrvatske 1880–1981.. Migracijske i etničke teme, 8(2), 141-166.
Nejašmić, I., & Toskić, A. (2013). Starenje stanovništva u Hrvatskoj–sadašnje stanje i perspektive. Hrvatski geografski glasnik, 75(1), 89-110. https://doi.org/10.21861/HGG.2013.75.01.05
Nejašmić, I., & Toskić, A. (2016). Ostarjelost stanovništva seoskih naselja Republike Hrvatske. Migracijske i etničke teme, 32(2), 191-219. https://doi.org/10.11567/met.32.2.2
Neumeier, S. (2016). Accessibility to Services in Rural Areas: The Example of Petrol Service Provision in Germany. dis-P The Planning Review, 52(3), 32–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/02513625.2016.1235877
Noack, E. M., & Bergmann, H. (2011). Elderly People’s Perspective on Rural Medical Care – a Case Study from Northern Germany. Hrvatski geografski glasnik, 73(1), 149-149. https://doi.org/10.21861/hgg.2011.73.01.10
Njegač, D. (1989). Oblici i značenje decentralizacije industrije Zagreba u Hrvatsko zagorje. Radovi, 24, 101-110.
Njegač, D. (1999). Funkcionalna diferencijacija naselja i centralnomjesna organizacija Hrvatskog zagorja. Hrvatski geografski glasnik, 61(1), 25-35. https://hrcak.srce.hr/63925
OECD (2010). Strategies to Improve Rural Service Delivery (OECD Rural Policy Reviews). OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264083967-en
OECD (2020). Rural Well-being: Geography of Opportunities (OECD Rural Stu- dies). OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/d25cef80-en
OECD (2022). OECD Good Practice Principles for Public Service Design and Delivery in the Digital Age (OECD Public Governance Policy Papers No. 23). OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/2ade500b-en
Perpiña Castillo, C., Ribeiro Barranco, R., Curtale, R., Kompil, M., Jacobs-Crisioni, C., Vallecillo Rodriguez, S., Aurambout, J.-P., Batista e Silva, F., Sulis, P., & Auteri, D. (2024). Are remote rural areas in Europe remarkable? Challenges and opportunities. Journal of Rural Studies, 105, 103180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2023.103180
Porter, S. R., & Whitcomb, M. E. (2005). Non-response in student surveys: The Role of Demographics, Engagement and Personality. Research in Higher Education, 46(2), 127–152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-004-1597-2
Powe, N. A., & Hart, T. (2009). Competing for the custom of small town residents: exploring the challenges and potential. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 37(9), 732-747. https://doi.org/10.1108/09590550910975790
Radeljak Kaufmann, P. (2015). Opremljenost centralnim funkcijama naselja Dalmacije. Godišnjak Titius, 8(8), 83-101.
Ranković Plazinić, B., & Jović, J. (2014). Women and transportation demands in rural Serbia. Journal of Rural Studies, 36, 207-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2014.08.002
Sitanyiova, D., & Misso, F. E. (2019). RUMOBIL – Feasibility of New Public Transport Services in European Rural Areas. IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 661, 012148. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/661/1/012148
Slavuj-Borčić, L., Cvitanović, M., & Lukić. A. (2016). Cultivating alternative spaces – Zagreb’s community gardens in transition: From socialist to post-socialist perspective. Geoforum, 77, 51-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2016.10.010
Spevec, D. (2009). Populacijski potencijal Krapinsko-zagorske županije. Hrvatski geografski glasnik, 71(2), 43-63. https://doi.org/10.21861/hgg.2009.71.02.03
Steinführer, A., Küpper, P., & Tautz, A. (2014). Adapt and Cope: Strategies for Safeguarding the Quality of Life in a Shrinking Ageing Region. Comparative Population Studies, 39(2), 345-370. https://doi.org/10.12765/CPoS-2014-07
Šišak, I. (2023). Usluge od općeg interesa – koncept i njegova primjena u znanstvenim istraživanjima i prostornom razvoju / Services of general interest – the concept and its application in scientific research and spatial development. Hrvatski geografski glasnik, 85(2), 101-129. https://doi.org/10.21861/HGG.2023.85.02.04
Šišak, I., & Lukić, A. (2025). Provision and Accessibility of Services of General Interest in Functional Urban Regions: The Case of Zagreb, Croatia. Land, 14(5), 1127. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14051127
Toskić, A. (1993). Starenje stanovništva Hrvatskog zagorja 1961-1991. Acta geographica Croatica, 28, 173-186.
Toskić, A., & Njegač, D. (2003). Changes in Political and Territorial Organization and their Impact on Croatia's Urban System and Regional Development. Hrvatski geografski glasnik, 65(1), 7-20. https://doi.org/10.21861/HGG.2003.65.01.01
Vaishar, A., Šťastná, M., Zapletalová, J., & Nováková, E. (2020). Is the European countryside depopulating? Case study Moravia. Journal of Rural Studies, 80, 567-577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2020.10.044
Vaishar, A., & Šťastná, M. (2021). Accessibility of Services in Rural Areas: Southern Moravia Case Study. Sustainability, 13, 9103. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13169103
Velaga, N.R., Beecroft, M., Nelson, J.D., Corsar, D., & Edwards, P. (2012). Transport Poverty Meets the Digital Divide: Accessibility and Connectivity in Rural Communities. Journal of Transport Geography, 21, 102–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2011.12.005
Vresk, M. (2002). Grad i urbanizacija: osnove urbane geografija. Školska knjiga.
Wertheimer-Baletić, A. (2001). Stanovništvo Hrvatske – sadašnje stanje I buduće promjene. RAD Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti, 482, 109-125.
Wiśniewski, R., Stępniak, M., & Szejgiec-Kolenda, B. (2021). Accessibility of public services in the age of ageing and shrinking population: are regions following trends. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography, 103(1), 55–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/04353684.2021.1903334
Woods, M. (2005). Rural geography: processes, responses, and experiences in rural restructuring. SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446216415
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Petra Radeljak Kaufmann, Korana Komar, Aleksandar Lukić

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.